GATE Electronics and Communication Engineering (EC) Syllabus
GATE EC spans engineering mathematics, networks, signals and systems, electronic devices, analog and digital circuits, control systems, communications, and electromagnetics, plus the common general aptitude section.
10 subjects · 51 topics · 364 subtopics
General Aptitude
Verbal Aptitude
- English Grammar (Tenses, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions)
- Verb-Noun Agreement & Parts of Speech
- Vocabulary (Words, Idioms, Phrases in Context)
- Reading Comprehension
- Narrative Sequencing
Quantitative Aptitude
- Data Interpretation (Bar, Pie, Graphs, Tables)
- Ratios, Percentages, Powers, Exponents & Logarithms
- Permutations & Combinations
- Series
- Mensuration & Geometry
- Elementary Statistics & Probability
- Simple & Compound Interest
- Alligation & Mixture
- Partnership
- Time & Work
Analytical Aptitude
- Deduction & Induction
- Analogy
- Numerical Relations & Reasoning
Spatial Aptitude
- Transformation of Shapes (Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Mirroring)
- Paper Folding, Cutting & Patterns
- 2D & 3D Patterns
Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra
- Vectors & Vector Operations
- Vector Spaces, Basis & Dimension
- Linear Independence
- Matrix Algebra
- Determinants
- Rank of a Matrix
- Systems of Linear Equations
- Existence & Uniqueness
- Gaussian Elimination
- Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
- Diagonalization
- Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Calculus
- Functions of Single Variable
- Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
- Mean Value Theorems
- Indeterminate Forms
- Definite & Improper Integrals
- Partial & Total Derivatives
- Taylor Series (One & Two Var)
- Maxima & Minima
- Double & Triple Integrals
- Sequences, Series & Convergence
- Fourier Series
Vector Calculus
- Gradient, Divergence & Curl
- Vector Identities
- Directional Derivatives
- Line, Surface & Volume Integrals
- Gauss, Stokes & Green's Theorems
Differential Equations
- First-Order Linear Equations
- First-Order Nonlinear Equations
- Higher-Order Linear ODEs
- Euler-Cauchy Equations
- Variation of Parameters
- Complementary Function & PI
- Initial & Boundary Value Problems
- Laplace Transforms & Applications
- Heat, Wave & Laplace Equations
- PDE by Separation of Variables
Complex Analysis
- Analytic Functions
- Cauchy-Riemann Equations
- Cauchy's Integral Theorem
- Cauchy's Integral Formula
- Taylor & Laurent Series
- Residue Theorem & Contour Integration
Probability
- Definitions of Probability
- Combinatorial Probability
- Conditional Probability
- Bayes' Theorem
- Random Variables
- Joint Probability
- Expectation & Variance
- Covariance & Correlation
- Functions of Random Variables
Statistics & Distributions
- Mean, Median, Mode & SD
- Sampling Theorems
- Binomial Distribution
- Poisson Distribution
- Normal Distribution
- Exponential Distribution
Network Theory
Circuit Fundamentals & Theorems
- KCL & KVL
- Node & Mesh Analysis
- Superposition Theorem
- Thevenin & Norton Theorems
- Reciprocity Theorem
- Maximum Power Transfer
- Source Transformation
- Wye-Delta Transformation
Transient & AC Analysis
- RL, RC & RLC Transients
- Source-Free & Forced Response
- Natural & Forced Response
- Initial & Final Value Theorems
- Laplace Solution of Networks
- Sinusoidal Steady-State
- Phasors & Complex Power
- Power Factor
- Resonance in RLC Circuits
- Quality Factor & Bandwidth
Two-Port Networks
- Z, Y, h & ABCD Parameters
- Two-Port Interconnections
- Driving-Point Functions
- Transfer Functions
Signals & Systems
Continuous-Time Signals
- Signal Representation & Classification
- Impulse, Step & Ramp
- Even & Odd Decomposition
- Periodic & Aperiodic Signals
- Energy & Power Signals
- Fourier Series
- Fourier Transform & Properties
- Shifting, Convolution & Modulation
- Parseval's Theorem
- Sampling Theorem
- Aliasing & Reconstruction
Discrete-Time Signals
- DT Signal Representation
- DTFT & Properties
- DFT & FFT
- Z-Transform
- Region of Convergence
- Inverse Z-Transform
- DT Processing of CT Signals
LTI Systems
- LTI System Properties
- Causality & Stability
- Impulse Response & Convolution
- Differential & Difference Equations
- Laplace Transform & ROC
- System Function H(s) & H(z)
- Poles & Zeros
- Pole-Zero Stability & Causality
- Frequency Response
- Magnitude & Phase Response
- Group & Phase Delay
- Filters & Bandwidth
Electronic Devices
Semiconductor Physics
- Energy Bands
- Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductors
- Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
- Fermi Level & Doping
- Direct & Indirect Band-Gap
- Temperature Dependence
Carrier Transport
- Diffusion & Drift Current
- Mobility, Resistivity & Conductivity
- Generation & Recombination
- Poisson & Continuity Equations
- Einstein Relation
P-N Junction & Diodes
- Junction Formation & Depletion
- Built-In Potential
- Diode Equation & Resistance
- Forward & Reverse Bias
- Depletion & Diffusion Capacitance
- Zener & Avalanche Breakdown
- Zener Diode Applications
BJT
- Structure & Operation
- CE, CB & CC Configurations
- Input & Output Characteristics
- Current Gain Parameters
- Biasing Regions
- Ebers-Moll Model
- Early Effect & Output Resistance
- Small-Signal Parameters
- Switching Operation
MOS Capacitor & MOSFET
- MOS Capacitor (Accum, Depl, Inv)
- C-V Characteristics
- Threshold Voltage
- MOSFET Structure & Operation
- Cutoff, Triode & Saturation
- I-V & Transconductance
- Small-Signal Model (gm, ro)
- Body Effect & Channel Modulation
- CMOS Devices
Optoelectronic Devices
- LED Principle & Operation
- Photodiode Modes
- Solar Cell Efficiency & Responsivity
- Optical Absorption
Analog Circuits
Diode Circuits
- Clipping Circuits
- Clamping Circuits
- HW, FW & Bridge Rectifiers
- Filters & Ripple Factor
- Voltage Regulation
- Zener Regulators
BJT & MOSFET Amplifiers
- Biasing & DC Operating Point
- Small-Signal & Hybrid-Pi Model
- CE, CB & CC Configurations
- CS, CD & CG Configurations
- Midband Gain & Resistances
- Coupling & Bypass Capacitors
- Low & High Frequency Response
- Miller Effect
- Multistage Amplifiers
Current Mirrors & Diff Amps
- Current Mirror (BJT & MOS)
- Differential Pair Operation
- Common & Differential Mode Gain
- CMRR
- Active Load Diff Amp
Op-Amp Circuits
- Ideal & Non-Ideal Op-Amp
- Inverting & Non-Inverting
- Summing & Difference
- Instrumentation Amplifier
- Differentiator & Integrator
- Op-Amp Non-Idealities
- Active Filters (Sallen-Key)
- Schmitt Trigger & Comparators
- Precision Rectifier
- Voltage Follower
Feedback & Oscillators
- Feedback Amplifiers
- Negative Feedback Topologies
- Barkhausen Criterion
- RC Phase Shift Oscillator
- Wien Bridge Oscillator
- LC Oscillators
- Crystal Oscillators
Digital Circuits
Number Representations
- Binary, Octal & Hex
- Signed Number Representation
- 1's & 2's Complement
- Fixed & Floating Point
- Binary Arithmetic & Overflow
- BCD & Gray Code
Combinational Logic
- Boolean Algebra & Identities
- Canonical SOP & POS
- K-Map Minimization
- Don't-Care Conditions
- CMOS VTC & Noise Margin
- Static CMOS Logic Gates
- Combinational Hazards
- Transmission Gate
- Adders & Subtractors
- Comparators & Code Converters
- MUX, DEMUX, Decoders & Encoders
- Priority Encoders
Sequential Logic
- SR & D Latches
- SR, D, JK & T Flip-Flops
- Race-Around & Master-Slave
- Ripple & Synchronous Counters
- Ring & Johnson Counters
- Shift Registers
- FSM (Mealy & Moore)
- State Minimization
- Sequence Detectors
- Setup, Hold & Propagation Delay
- Critical Path Delay
- Metastability
Data Converters
- Sample & Hold
- DAC (Weighted, R-2R)
- ADC (Flash, SAR, Dual-Slope)
- Resolution & Quantization Error
- Conversion Time
Semiconductor Memories
- ROM, PROM, EPROM & EEPROM
- SRAM & DRAM
- Memory Cell Organization
- Read & Write Operations
Computer Organization
- Machine Instructions & Addressing
- ALU & Data Path
- Control Unit (Hardwired, Micro)
- Instruction Pipelining
- Pipeline Hazards & Forwarding
Control Systems
System Modelling
- Control System Components
- Open & Closed-Loop Systems
- Feedback Principle
- Transfer Function
- Block Diagram Reduction
- Signal Flow & Mason's Gain
Time-Domain Analysis
- Standard Test Inputs
- First & Second-Order Response
- Transient Response Specs
- Steady-State Error & Constants
- System Type & Dominant Pole
Stability Analysis
- Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
- Nyquist Criterion
- Root Locus Interpretation
- Gain & Phase Margin
Frequency-Domain Analysis
- Bode Plots
- Polar Plots
- Nyquist Plots
- Bandwidth & Resonant Peak
- Closed-Loop Frequency Response
Compensators & Controllers
- Root Locus Design
- Lag, Lead & Lag-Lead
- PID Controllers
- Effect on Transient & Steady-State
State-Space Analysis
- State Variable Model
- Solution of State Equations
- State Transition Matrix
- Transfer Function from States
- Controllability & Observability
- Canonical Forms
Communications
Random Processes
- Random Process & Stationarity
- Autocorrelation & PSD
- White Noise Properties
- Noise Power & Bandwidth
- Filtering Through LTI Systems
- Gaussian Noise
Analog Communications
- AM Modulation & Demodulation
- DSB-SC & SSB
- Angle Modulation (FM & PM)
- AM & FM Spectra
- Narrowband & Wideband FM
- Superheterodyne Receiver
- FM/PM Demodulation & PLL
- Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis
- Noise in AM & FM
Information Theory
- Information Measure & Entropy
- Conditional Entropy & Mutual Info
- Channel Capacity Theorem
- AWGN Channel Capacity
- Discrete Memoryless Channels
- Binary Symmetric Channel
- Source & Channel Coding
Source Coding & Baseband Transmission
- Sampling, Quantization & Encoding
- PCM & DPCM
- Delta Modulation
- Line Coding
- Baseband Pulse Transmission
- Inter-Symbol Interference
- Nyquist Criterion (Zero ISI)
- Raised Cosine Pulse Shaping
- Eye Diagram
Digital Modulation & Detection
- Digital Modulation (ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM)
- Bandwidth of Digital Modulation
- MAP & ML Detection
- Coherent & Non-Coherent Detection
- Matched Filter & Correlator
- SNR & BER Analysis
- Error Probability
Error Control Coding
- Error Detection & Correction
- Hamming Distance & Codes
- Parity Checks & CRC
- Linear Block Codes & Syndrome
- Generator & Parity-Check Matrix
- Convolutional Codes
Electromagnetics
Maxwell's Equations
- Differential & Integral Forms
- Physical Interpretation
- Constitutive Relations
- Boundary Conditions
- Wave Equation Derivation
- Poynting Vector & Power Flow
Plane Waves
- Uniform Plane Waves
- Propagation in Lossless & Lossy Media
- Reflection & Refraction
- Polarization (Linear, Circular, Elliptical)
- Intrinsic Impedance & Constants
- Phase & Group Velocity
- Skin Depth
- Brewster & Total Internal Reflection
Transmission Lines
- Transmission Line Equations
- Characteristic Impedance & Propagation
- Input Impedance & Reflection
- Standing Wave Ratio
- VSWR & Return Loss
- Impedance Matching (Stub, λ/4)
- S-Parameters
- Smith Chart
Waveguides & Optical Fibers
- Rectangular & Circular Waveguides
- TE & TM Modes
- Cutoff Frequency & Guide Wavelength
- Wave Impedance
- Light Propagation in Fibers
- Numerical Aperture & Modes
- V-Number & Fiber Types
- Dispersion in Fibers
Antennas
- Dipole & Monopole Antennas
- Radiation Pattern
- Gain, Directivity & Radiation Resistance
- Effective Aperture
- Linear Arrays & Array Factor
- Broadside & End-Fire Arrays
- Beamwidth & Side Lobes
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