The PYQ practice room
GATE EC 2015 Set 3
All 65 solved GATE EC 2015 Set 3 questions in exam order. Open a question, commit to an answer, and learn from the step-by-step solution. One question at a time.
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65
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General Aptitude (GA)
101
Q1MCQ1 markEasyChoose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the following sentence. If the athlete had wanted to come first in the race, he ________________ several…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the following sentence.If the athlete had wanted to come first in the race, he ________________ several hours every day.Correct answer
(B) should have practised
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The sentence follows the structure of the third conditional, which is used to describe hypothetical situations in the past. The structure is: If + past perfect, ... would/should/could + have + past participle.- The 'if' clause uses 'had wanted' (past perfect).
- The result clause must use 'should have practised' (should have + past participle).
2
Q2MCQ1 markMediumChoose the most suitable one word substitute for the following expression: Connotation of a road or wayThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
Choose the most suitable one word substitute for the following expression:Connotation of a road or wayCorrect answer
(B) Viaticum
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The word Viaticum is derived from the Latin viaticus, meaning 'of a journey'. It refers to provisions for a journey or an allowance for traveling expenses.- Pertinacious means holding firmly to an opinion or course of action.
- Clandestine means kept secret or done secretively.
- Ravenous means extremely hungry.
3
Q3MCQ1 markEasyChoose the correct verb to fill in the blank below: Let us ________________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Choose the correct verb to fill in the blank below:Let us ________________.Correct answer
(B) alternate
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The phrase 'Let us' must be followed by the base form of a verb.- Introvert, atheist, and altruist are primarily used as nouns or adjectives.
- Alternate can function as a verb meaning to occur in turn repeatedly or to take turns.
4
Q4MCQ1 markEasyFind the missing sequence in the letter series below: A, CD, GHI, ?, UVWXYThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
Find the missing sequence in the letter series below:
A, CD, GHI, ?, UVWXYCorrect answer
(C) MNOP
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The sequence follows a pattern where each term has an increasing number of letters and the gaps between terms also increase sequentially:- Term 1: A (1 letter)
- Skip 1 letter: B
- Term 2: CD (2 letters)
- Skip 2 letters: E, F
- Term 3: GHI (3 letters)
- Skip 3 letters: J, K, L
- Term 4: MNOP (4 letters)
- Skip 4 letters: Q, R, S, T
- Term 5: UVWXY (5 letters)
5
Q5MCQ1 markMediumIf , which of the following must be true? i. ii. iii. iv.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
If , which of the following must be true?i.
ii.
iii.
iv.Correct answer
(A) (i) and (ii)
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Given the condition :1.Statement (i): . The natural logarithm function is strictly increasing for . Since , it follows that . This is true.2.Statement (ii): . The exponential function is strictly increasing for all real . Since , it follows that . This is true.3.Statement (iii): . This is not always true. For example, if and , then and . Here , so . This is not necessarily true.4.Statement (iv): . The cosine function is not strictly increasing. For in the interval , is strictly decreasing. If , then . This is not necessarily true.Thus, only statements (i) and (ii) must be true.6
Q6MCQ2 marksEasyRam and Shyam shared a secret and promised to each other that it would remain between them. Ram expressed himself in one of the following ways as given in the choices below.…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Ram and Shyam shared a secret and promised to each other that it would remain between them. Ram expressed himself in one of the following ways as given in the choices below. Identify the correct way as per standard English.Correct answer
(A) It would remain between you and me.
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In standard English grammar, prepositions (such as "between") must be followed by pronouns in the objective case.- "You" is the same in both subjective and objective cases.
- "Me" is the objective case of the first-person pronoun "I".
- Therefore, the phrase "between you and me" is grammatically correct.
- "Between you and I" is a common error known as hypercorrection, where the subjective case is used incorrectly after a preposition.
7
Q7MCQ2 marksEasyIn the following question, the first and the last sentence of the passage are in order and numbered 1 and 6. The rest of the passage is split into 4 parts and numbered as 2, 3, 4,…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the following question, the first and the last sentence of the passage are in order and numbered 1 and 6. The rest of the passage is split into 4 parts and numbered as 2, 3, 4, and 5. These 4 parts are not arranged in proper order. Read the sentences and arrange them in a logical sequence to make a passage and choose the correct sequence from the given options.1.On Diwali, the family rises early in the morning.2.The whole family, including the young and the old enjoy doing this.3.Children let off fireworks later in the night with their friends.4.At sunset, the lamps are lit and the family performs various rituals.5.Father, mother, and children visit relatives and exchange gifts and sweets.6.Houses look so pretty with lighted lamps all around.Correct answer
(B) 5,2,4,3
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The passage describes the sequence of events on Diwali.1.Sentence 1 (Start): Family rises early.2.Sentence 5: They visit relatives and exchange gifts (daytime activity).3.Sentence 2: 'doing this' refers to the exchange of gifts mentioned in sentence 5.4.Sentence 4: At sunset, lamps are lit.5.Sentence 3: Later in the night, fireworks are let off.6.Sentence 6 (End): Houses look pretty with lamps.Thus, the logical sequence for parts 2, 3, 4, 5 is 5, 2, 4, 3.8
Q8NAT2 marksMediumFrom a circular sheet of paper of radius 30 cm, a sector of 10% area is removed. If the remaining part is used to make a conical surface, then the ratio of the radius and height…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
From a circular sheet of paper of radius 30 cm, a sector of 10% area is removed. If the remaining part is used to make a conical surface, then the ratio of the radius and height of the cone is _______.Correct answer
1.9 to 2.2
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Let cm be the radius of the circular sheet.
Area of the sheet .
Area of the sector removed of .
Remaining area .
When the remaining part is folded into a cone, its lateral surface area is equal to the remaining area of the sheet.
Lateral surface area of cone , where is the radius of the cone and is the slant height.
The slant height of the cone is equal to the radius of the circular sheet cm.
cm.
The height of the cone is given by cm.
The ratio of the radius to the height is .
The given range is 1.9 to 2.2.9
Q9MCQ2 marksEasyis....Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
is....Correct answer
(C) 0
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The expression is .
Let .
We know that .
Thus, , , and so on.
Pairing terms: .
Each pair equals 1, and .
So, .
Therefore, .10
Q10MCQ2 marksEasyMs. X will be in Bagdogra from 01/05/2014 to 20/05/2014 and from 22/05/2014 to 31/05/2014. On the morning of 21/05/2014, she will reach Kochi via Mumbai. Which one of the…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Ms. X will be in Bagdogra from 01/05/2014 to 20/05/2014 and from 22/05/2014 to 31/05/2014. On the morning of 21/05/2014, she will reach Kochi via Mumbai.Which one of the statements below is logically valid and can be inferred from the above sentences?Correct answer
(B) Ms. X will be in Kochi for only one day in May.
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Ms. X is in Bagdogra for two periods in May: from the 1st to the 20th and from the 22nd to the 31st. On the morning of the 21st, she reaches Kochi. Since she is in Bagdogra for all other days of the month, she is in Kochi for exactly one day in May. Statement (B) correctly captures this inference. Statement (A) is incorrect because we cannot infer her location in other months. Statement (C) is incorrect because she travels via Mumbai, so she is not 'only' in Kochi on that day. Statement (D) is logically invalid as it makes a claim about other people.
Electronics and Communication Engineering
5511
Q11MCQ1 markEasyFor , the determinant of isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
For , the determinant of isCorrect answer
(C) 1
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The determinant of a product of matrices is the product of their determinants. Thus, .
Using the properties of determinants:1.2. (provided )For the given matrix , . Since is never zero for real , is invertible.
Therefore, .12
Q12MCQ1 markEasyThe contour on the - plane, where the partial derivative of with respect to is equal to the partial derivative of with respect to , isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The contour on the - plane, where the partial derivative of with respect to is equal to the partial derivative of with respect to , isCorrect answer
(A) y = 2
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Step 1: Find the partial derivative of with respect to .
Step 2: Find the partial derivative of with respect to .
Step 3: Set the two partial derivatives equal to each other as per the question.
Thus, the contour is the line .13
Q13MCQ1 markMediumIf is a circle of radius with centre , in the complex -plane and if is a non-zero integer, then equalsThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
If is a circle of radius with centre , in the complex -plane and if is a non-zero integer, then equalsCorrect answer
(B) 0
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According to Cauchy's Integral Formula, if a function is analytic within and on a simple closed contour , then . In this problem, , which is an entire function (analytic everywhere). For any non-zero integer , the -th derivative of a constant is zero (). If is a negative integer, say where , then the integrand is , which is analytic everywhere, and the integral is zero by Cauchy's Theorem. Thus, for any non-zero integer , the integral is 0.14
Q14NAT1 markMediumConsider the function where is the unit step function. The area under is ________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Consider the function where is the unit step function. The area under is ________.Correct answer
0.14 to 0.16
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The area under a function is given by the integral . For , the area is . This integral is equivalent to the Laplace transform evaluated at . We know . Here , so . Evaluating at : Area .15
Q15NAT1 markMediumThe value of is ________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The value of is ________.Correct answer
2 to 2
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The given series is where . We know that for , the sum of the infinite geometric series is . Differentiating both sides with respect to gives . Multiplying both sides by yields . Substituting : Sum .16
Q16NAT1 markMediumFor the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin equivalent voltage (in Volts) across terminals a-b is ________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin equivalent voltage (in Volts) across terminals a-b is ________.Correct answer
10 to 10
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To find the Thevenin equivalent voltage across terminals a-b, we need to find the open-circuit voltage .Let the top node be and the bottom node be the reference (0 V). The terminals a and b are connected across the parallel combination of the 1 A current source and the resistor. Thus, .Applying KCL at node :Multiplying the entire equation by 6 to clear the denominators:Therefore, the Thevenin equivalent voltage .17
Q17NAT1 markEasyIn the circuit shown, the voltage (in Volts) is ________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, the voltage (in Volts) is ________.Correct answer
7.95 to 8.05
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Let the node above the resistor be and the node above the resistor be . From the circuit diagram, the dependent voltage source is in parallel with the resistor. Therefore, the node voltage .Applying KCL at node :Substitute into the equation:The voltage is .18
Q18NAT1 markEasyAt very high frequencies, the peak output voltage (in Volts) is ________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
At very high frequencies, the peak output voltage (in Volts) is ________.Correct answer
0.49 to 0.51
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At very high frequencies, the impedance of a capacitor approaches zero, meaning capacitors act as short circuits.1.The input capacitor is a short, so the input voltage is applied directly to the resistive network.2.The middle capacitor is a short, connecting the midpoints of the two vertical resistive branches.3.The bottom capacitor is a short, connecting the bottom of the resistors to ground.The circuit simplifies to a bridge where the midpoints are shorted. The upper part consists of two resistors in parallel (), and the lower part consists of two resistors in parallel ().This forms a voltage divider. The voltage at the midpoint (junction of the resistors) is:The output voltage is taken across the top-right resistor:Given the peak input voltage is , the peak output voltage is:19
Q19MCQ1 markEasyWhich one of the following processes is preferred to form the gate dielectric () of MOSFETs?Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Which one of the following processes is preferred to form the gate dielectric () of MOSFETs?Correct answer
(D) Dry oxidation
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Dry oxidation is preferred for forming the gate dielectric () of MOSFETs because it produces a higher quality, denser oxide with a lower interface state density compared to wet oxidation. Wet oxidation is faster but results in a less dense oxide with more defects, making it more suitable for thicker field oxides where high dielectric quality is less critical than in the gate region.20
Q20MCQ1 markMediumIf the base width in a bipolar junction transistor is doubled, which one of the following statements will be TRUE?Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
If the base width in a bipolar junction transistor is doubled, which one of the following statements will be TRUE?Correct answer
(D) Early Voltage will increase.
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The Early voltage is given by , where is the total charge in the neutral base and is the collector-base junction capacitance. Since is directly proportional to the base width , doubling the base width will increase the Early voltage. Other effects of increasing :- Current gain decreases because base recombination increases ( or ).
- Unity gain frequency decreases because base transit time increases ().
- Emitter-base junction capacitance is primarily determined by junction area and doping, not the neutral base width.
21
Q21NAT1 markMediumIn the circuit shown in the figure, the BJT has a current gain () of 50. For an emitter-base voltage , the emitter-collector voltage (in…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown in the figure, the BJT has a current gain () of 50. For an emitter-base voltage , the emitter-collector voltage (in Volts) is ______.Correct answer
2 to 2
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Given: , .From the circuit diagram, we have a PNP transistor:1.Emitter voltage .2.Base voltage .3.The base is connected to ground through a resistor. Thus, the base current is:.4.Collector current .5.Collector voltage is the voltage across the resistor:.6.The emitter-collector voltage is:.Verification of active region: . Since for a PNP transistor, it is in the active region.22
Q22NAT1 markEasyIn the circuit shown using an ideal opamp, the 3-dB cut-off frequency (in Hz) is _______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown using an ideal opamp, the 3-dB cut-off frequency (in Hz) is _______.Correct answer
159 to 160
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The circuit consists of a first-order low-pass filter at the non-inverting input of an opamp configured as a non-inverting amplifier. The cut-off frequency is determined by the network:Given and :The 3-dB cut-off frequency is approximately .23
Q23NAT1 markMediumIn the circuit shown, assume that diodes and are ideal. In the steady state condition, the average voltage (in Volts) across the …Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, assume that diodes and are ideal. In the steady state condition, the average voltage (in Volts) across the capacitor is _______.Correct answer
100 to 100
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The circuit is a Greinacher voltage doubler.1.During the negative half-cycle of the input , diode is forward-biased and conducts, charging the capacitor to the peak input voltage with the polarity shown (positive on the right).2.During the positive half-cycle, diode is forward-biased. The voltage across the capacitor is the sum of the input voltage and the voltage across the capacitor: . At the peak, .In steady state, the average voltage across the capacitor is .24
Q24MCQ1 markMediumThe circuit shown consists of J-K flip-flops, each with an active low asynchronous reset ( input). The counter corresponding to this circuit isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The circuit shown consists of J-K flip-flops, each with an active low asynchronous reset ( input). The counter corresponding to this circuit isCorrect answer
(A) a modulo-5 binary up counter
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1.Counter Type: The flip-flops are negative-edge triggered (indicated by the bubble on the clock input). The output of each stage is connected to the clock input of the next stage. This configuration forms a ripple up counter.2.Reset Logic: The NAND gate provides an active-low reset signal to the inputs. The inputs to the NAND gate are and . The reset occurs when and .3.Counting Sequence:- Resets to immediately.
25
Q25MCQ1 markMediumIn the circuit shown, diodes D₁, D₂ and D₃ are ideal, and the inputs E₁, E₂ and E₃ are "0 V" for logic '0' and "10 V" for logic '1'. What logic gate does the circuit represent?…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, diodes D₁, D₂ and D₃ are ideal, and the inputs E₁, E₂ and E₃ are "0 V" for logic '0' and "10 V" for logic '1'. What logic gate does the circuit represent?
Correct answer
(C) 3-input AND gate
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Let the inputs be and the output be . The inputs are either 0V (logic 0) or 10V (logic 1).Case 1: Any input is LOW (0V).
Let's assume . The anode of diode is at 0V. The output is the voltage at the common cathode point. If any of the diodes is forward biased, it will conduct. Since the diodes are ideal, a forward-biased diode acts as a short circuit. The anode of is at 0V. The cathode is at . For to be forward biased, must be less than 0V, but the circuit structure prevents this. However, the resistor is connected to +10V. If were to be high, say 10V, then would be strongly forward biased (Anode at 0V, Cathode at 10V). Current would flow from the 10V supply, through the resistor, and through the diode to the 0V input. Since the diode is ideal, it will clamp the voltage to the lowest input voltage. Therefore, if any input is 0V, the corresponding diode will conduct and pull the output to 0V (logic 0).Case 2: All inputs are HIGH (10V).
Let . The anodes of all three diodes are at 10V. The output is connected to the +10V supply through the resistor. Since the anodes are at 10V, for any diode to conduct, its cathode voltage () must be less than 10V. If we assume no load is connected to , no current flows through the resistor. Therefore, there is no voltage drop across the resistor, and will be equal to the supply voltage, which is 10V. In this state, the voltage across each diode is . The diodes are not conducting (or are at the edge of conduction). The output is 10V (logic 1).Summary (Truth Table):- If any input is 0, the output is 0.
- Only when all inputs are 1, the output is 1.
26
Q26MCQ1 markEasyWhich one of the following 8085 microprocessor programs correctly calculates the product of two 8-bit numbers stored in registers B and C?Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Which one of the following 8085 microprocessor programs correctly calculates the product of two 8-bit numbers stored in registers B and C?Correct answer
(C) [code]
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The problem is to find the product of two 8-bit numbers, say in registers B and C. The product B × C can be calculated by adding C to an accumulator B times.Let's analyze the given options:Option A:MVI A, 00H ; A <- 00H. Zero flag is set. JNZ LOOP ; Jumps if Zero flag is not set. Since Z=1, this jump is not taken. CMP C ; Irrelevant instruction here. LOOP: DCR B ; Label is here. This is a syntax error in most assemblers. HLT
The code is logically and syntactically flawed. TheJNZinstruction will not execute the jump. The labelLOOPis misplaced after the instruction that uses it. This program will not work.Option B:MVI A, 00H ; A <- 00H CMP C ; Compares A with C, sets flags. Does not contribute to multiplication. LOOP: DCR B ; Decrements B. JNZ LOOP ; Jumps to LOOP if B is not zero. HLT
This program initializes A to 0 and then enters a loop that decrements B until it becomes zero. However, inside the loop, it does not perform any addition. The accumulator A remains 0 throughout. This does not calculate the product.Option C:MVI A, 00H ; Initialize accumulator A (for the result) to 0. LOOP: ADD C ; Add the contents of register C to the accumulator A. A <- A + C. DCR B ; Decrement the counter in register B. JNZ LOOP ; If B is not zero (Zero flag is not set), jump back to LOOP. HLT ; Halt the processor.
This program correctly implements multiplication by repeated addition. It initializes the result in A to 0. Then, it loops B times. In each iteration, it adds the value of C to A. When the loop finishes (B becomes 0), the accumulator A holds the sum C + C + ... + C (B times), which is the product B × C. This is the correct program.Option D:MVI A, 00H ; A <- 00H ADD C ; A <- A + C. A now holds C. JNZ LOOP ; Jumps if A is not zero. This will jump to LOOP. LOOP: INR B ; Label is here. Increments B. HLT
This program is incorrect. The loop structure is broken (JNZ LOOPbefore the label). It increments B instead of using it as a counter. It only adds C once.Therefore, option (C) is the only program that correctly calculates the product.27
Q27MCQ1 markEasyThe impulse response of an LTI system can be obtained byThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The impulse response of an LTI system can be obtained byCorrect answer
(B) differentiating the unit step response
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Let the LTI system have an impulse response .
Let the input to the system be and the output be . The relationship is given by the convolution integral: .1.Unit Impulse Response: The impulse response is the output of the system when the input is a unit impulse function, ..2.Unit Step Response: The unit step response, let's call it , is the output of the system when the input is a unit step function, ..
This equation shows that the unit step response is the integral of the impulse response.
To find the impulse response from the step response , we can differentiate the above equation with respect to :
.
Thus, the impulse response is obtained by differentiating the unit step response. This corresponds to option (B).Let's analyze the other options for completeness:3.Unit Ramp Response: The unit ramp response, let's call it , is the output when the input is a unit ramp function, .We know that the unit ramp is the integral of the unit step function: .
Also, the unit step is the derivative of the unit ramp: .
The ramp response is .
Differentiating the ramp response:
.
So, differentiating the unit ramp response gives the unit step response, not the impulse response. Option (A) is incorrect.4.Integrating the unit step response:.
So, integrating the unit step response gives the unit ramp response. Option (D) is incorrect.5.Integrating the unit ramp response (Option C) would give the response to a parabolic input, and is not the impulse response.Therefore, the correct statement is that the impulse response of an LTI system can be obtained by differentiating the unit step response.28
Q28MCQ1 markEasyConsider a four-point moving average filter defined by the equation . The condition on the filter coefficients that results in a null at…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Consider a four-point moving average filter defined by the equation . The condition on the filter coefficients that results in a null at zero frequency isCorrect answer
(A) α₁ = α₂ = 0; α₀ = -α₃
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The transfer function of the filter is . Zero frequency corresponds to . For a null at zero frequency, . Checking the options:
(A) . This satisfies the condition.
(B) .
(C) .
(D) .
Thus, option (A) is the correct condition.29
Q29NAT1 markMediumConsider the Bode plot shown in the figure. Assume that all the poles and zeros are real-valued. [figure] The value of (in Hz) is ___________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Consider the Bode plot shown in the figure. Assume that all the poles and zeros are real-valued.The value of (in Hz) is ___________.
Correct answer
8970 to 8970
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From the Bode plot:1.For the region to 300 Hz, the slope is +40 dB/dec.The gain at is 0 dB and at 300 Hz is 40 dB.
Using the slope formula:
Hz.2.For the region 900 Hz to , the slope is -40 dB/dec.The gain at 900 Hz is 40 dB and at is 0 dB.
Hz.3.The difference Hz.30
Q30NAT1 markMediumThe phase margin (in degrees) of the system is ___________.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The phase margin (in degrees) of the system is ___________.Correct answer
84 to 84.5
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The phase margin (PM) is given by , where is the gain crossover frequency.1.Find :
Let . Then .
rad/s.2.Find the phase at :.3.Calculate PM:.31
Q31MCQ1 markEasyThe transfer function of a first-order controller is given as where , and are positive real numbers. The condition for this…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The transfer function of a first-order controller is given aswhere , and are positive real numbers. The condition for this controller to act as a phase lead compensator isCorrect answer
(A) a < b
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For a first-order controller to act as a phase lead compensator, the zero must be closer to the origin than the pole in the s-plane.1.The zero is located at .2.The pole is located at .3.For a phase lead compensator, the magnitude of the zero must be less than the magnitude of the pole: .Alternatively, considering the phase contribution:For phase lead, for all . This requires:32
Q32MCQ1 markEasyThe modulation scheme commonly used for transmission from GSM mobile terminals isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The modulation scheme commonly used for transmission from GSM mobile terminals isCorrect answer
(D) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) as its standard modulation scheme.- GMSK is a type of continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) that uses a Gaussian filter to smooth the phase transitions.
- This results in a constant envelope signal, which allows the use of power-efficient non-linear (Class-C) power amplifiers in mobile handsets, extending battery life.
- It also provides good spectral efficiency by reducing side-lobe levels.
33
Q33MCQ1 markMediumA message signal is used to modulate the phase of a carrier to get the modulated signal .…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A message signal is used to modulate the phase of a carrier to get the modulated signal . The bandwidth ofCorrect answer
(C) depends on both Aₘ and fₘ
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The modulated signal is given as . This is a Phase Modulated (PM) signal.1.Instantaneous Phase:2.Instantaneous Frequency:3.Frequency Deviation:4.Carson's Rule for Bandwidth: The bandwidth () of an angle-modulated signal is approximately:From the expression , it is clear that the bandwidth depends on both the amplitude of the message signal () and the frequency of the message signal ().34
Q34MCQ1 markEasyThe directivity of an antenna array can be increased by adding more antenna elements, as a larger number of elementsThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The directivity of an antenna array can be increased by adding more antenna elements, as a larger number of elementsCorrect answer
(B) increases the effective area of the antenna
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The directivity of an antenna is directly proportional to its maximum effective aperture area according to the relation . By adding more elements to an antenna array, the physical size and consequently the effective area of the antenna increase, which leads to an increase in directivity. Additionally, more elements narrow the radiation beam, reducing the beam solid angle and increasing directivity.35
Q35MCQ1 markMediumA coaxial cable is made of two brass conductors. The spacing between the conductors is filled with Teflon (). Which one of the following…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A coaxial cable is made of two brass conductors. The spacing between the conductors is filled with Teflon (). Which one of the following circuits can represent the lumped element model of a small piece of this cable having length ?Correct answer
(B) [figure]
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A transmission line is modeled using series resistance , series inductance , shunt conductance , and shunt capacitance .1.Since the conductors are made of brass (finite conductivity), there is a non-zero series resistance .2.The dielectric is Teflon with . Shunt conductance is given by . Since , the shunt conductance is zero.3.A symmetric lumped model (like a T-network) distributes the series components and equally on both sides of the shunt component.Therefore, the correct model should have and in the series arms and only in the shunt arm (no ). This corresponds to circuit (B).36
Q36NAT2 marksMediumThe Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the equation . Taking the initial guess as , the solution obtained at the end of the first…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the equation . Taking the initial guess as , the solution obtained at the end of the first iteration is ________.Correct answer
4.25 to 4.35
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Given the function .
Its derivative is .
Initial guess .
Calculate :
.
Calculate :
.
The Newton-Raphson formula for the first iteration is:
.
Rounding to two decimal places, the solution is 4.29.37
Q37NAT2 marksEasyA fair die with faces is thrown repeatedly till '3' is observed for the first time. Let denote the number of times the die is thrown. The expected value…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A fair die with faces is thrown repeatedly till '3' is observed for the first time. Let denote the number of times the die is thrown. The expected value of is ______.Correct answer
6 to 6
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The random variable represents the number of trials until the first success in independent Bernoulli trials, where success is defined as rolling a '3'. This follows a geometric distribution with probability of success . The expected value of a geometric distribution is given by .38
Q38NAT2 marksMediumConsider the differential equation Given and , where , the value of is ______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Consider the differential equation Given and , where , the value of is ______.Correct answer
0.83 to 0.88
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The characteristic equation for the differential equation is , which factors as , giving roots and . The general solution is .
Using the given conditions:
1)
2)
From (2), . Substituting this into (1):
.
Then .
The value at is:
.
The specified range is 0.83 to 0.88.39
Q39NAT2 marksMediumA vector field exists inside a cylindrical region enclosed by the surfaces and . Let be the…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A vector field exists inside a cylindrical region enclosed by the surfaces and . Let be the surface bounding this cylindrical region. The surface integral of this field on () is ______.Correct answer
78 to 79
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By the Divergence Theorem, the surface integral over a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of the field over the enclosed volume :In cylindrical coordinates, the divergence is:Given , we have , , and .The volume integral is:The range is 78 to 79.40
Q40NAT2 marksMediumIn the circuit shown, the current flowing through the resistor will be zero if the value of capacitor (in ) is ______. [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, the current flowing through the resistor will be zero if the value of capacitor (in ) is ______.
Correct answer
20 to 20
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For the current through the resistor to be zero, the total impedance of the network connected to the source must be infinite at the operating frequency .
The network consists of a inductor in series with a parallel combination of a inductor and a series branch ( and ).
The impedance of the parallel part is .
For , the denominator must be zero:
.41
Q41MCQ2 marksMediumThe ABCD parameters of the following 2-port network are [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The ABCD parameters of the following 2-port network are
Correct answer
(B) [figure]
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For a T-network with series impedances and shunt impedance :
Thus, the ABCD matrix is .42
Q42MCQ2 marksMediumA network is described by the state model as The transfer function isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
A network is described by the state model asThe transfer function isCorrect answer
(A) (11s+35)/((s-2)(s+4))
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The state-space representation is and , where:
, , , .
The transfer function is .
.43
Q43MCQ2 marksMediumThe electric field profile in the depletion region of a p-n junction in equilibrium is shown in the figure. Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE? [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The electric field profile in the depletion region of a p-n junction in equilibrium is shown in the figure. Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
Correct answer
(C) The potential difference across the depletion region is 700 mV
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1.Identify Region Types: The electric field is related to the charge density by .- For , the slope is positive, so , indicating an n-type region (positive donor ions).
- For , the slope is negative, so , indicating a p-type region (negative acceptor ions).
2.Doping Uniformity: Since the slopes of are constant in both regions, the charge densities are constant, implying uniform doping. Statement (B) is TRUE.3.Potential Difference (): The built-in potential is the area under the curve.Statement (C) claims 700 mV, which is NOT TRUE.4.Doping Concentration Ratio: From charge neutrality, .If , then . Statement (D) is TRUE.44
Q44NAT2 marksMediumThe current in an enhancement mode NMOS transistor biased in saturation mode was measured to be 1 mA at a drain-source voltage of 5 V. When the drain-source voltage was increased…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The current in an enhancement mode NMOS transistor biased in saturation mode was measured to be 1 mA at a drain-source voltage of 5 V. When the drain-source voltage was increased to 6 V while keeping gate-source voltage same, the drain current increased to 1.02 mA. Assume that drain to source saturation voltage is much smaller than the applied drain-source voltage. The channel length modulation parameter (in ) is ______.Correct answer
0.018 to 0.026
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The drain current in saturation including channel length modulation is given by:From the given data:
1)
2) Dividing equation (2) by (1):45
Q45NAT2 marksMediumAn npn BJT having reverse saturation current is biased in the forward active region with . The thermal voltage () is 25 mV…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
An npn BJT having reverse saturation current is biased in the forward active region with . The thermal voltage () is 25 mV and the current gain () may vary from 50 to 150 due to manufacturing variations. The maximum emitter current (in A) is ______.Correct answer
1465 to 1485
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First, calculate the collector current :The emitter current is related to and by:To maximize , we must minimize because is inversely proportional to in the term . Given varies from 50 to 150, the minimum value is .46
Q46MCQ2 marksMediumA three bit pseudo random number generator is shown. Initially the value of output is set to 111. The value of output after three clock cycles is [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A three bit pseudo random number generator is shown. Initially the value of output is set to 111. The value of output after three clock cycles is
Correct answer
(D) 100
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The circuit is a 3-bit Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). From the diagram, the input to the first flip-flop is . The shift operations are and .Initial state:1.After 1st clock cycle:
State: 0112.After 2nd clock cycle:
State: 0013.After 3rd clock cycle:
State: 100Thus, the output after three clock cycles is 100.47
Q47MCQ2 marksMediumA universal logic gate can implement any Boolean function by connecting sufficient number of them appropriately. Three gates are shown. [figure] Which one of the following…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A universal logic gate can implement any Boolean function by connecting sufficient number of them appropriately. Three gates are shown.Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Correct answer
(C) Gate 3 is a universal gate.
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A set of gates is universal if it can implement the NOT operation and either the AND or OR operation.1.Gate 1 (OR): . Cannot implement NOT. Not universal.2.Gate 2 (AND): . Cannot implement NOT. Not universal.3.Gate 3: .- To implement NOT: Set , then .
- To implement OR: Use the NOT implementation on , then .
48
Q48MCQ2 marksMediumAn SR latch is implemented using TTL gates as shown in the figure. The set and reset pulse inputs are provided using the push-button switches. It is observed that the circuit…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
An SR latch is implemented using TTL gates as shown in the figure. The set and reset pulse inputs are provided using the push-button switches. It is observed that the circuit fails to work as desired. The SR latch can be made functional by changing
Correct answer
(D) 5 V to ground
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In the given circuit, the push buttons are connected to 5V. In TTL logic, an open input typically floats HIGH.1.When the button is open, the input to the inverter is HIGH, so the inverter output is LOW.2.When the button is pressed, the input to the inverter is connected to 5V (HIGH), so the inverter output remains LOW.Because the logic level at the inverter input never changes from HIGH, the latch inputs stay at 0, and the latch cannot be set or reset.By changing the 5 V supply to Ground:1.When the button is open, the input floats HIGH (TTL characteristic), and the inverter output is LOW.2.When the button is pressed, the input is pulled to Ground (LOW), and the inverter output becomes HIGH.This allows the NOR-based SR latch to receive active-high pulses for Set and Reset operations, making it functional.49
Q49NAT2 marksMediumIn the circuit shown, assume that the opamp is ideal. If the gain () is , the value of (in ) is ______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, assume that the opamp is ideal. If the gain () is , the value of (in ) is ______.Correct answer
1 to 1
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The op-amp is ideal, so (virtual ground).
Applying KCL at the inverting terminal:Applying KCL at node :Substituting :Given the gain is :Thus, the value of is 1.50
Q50NAT2 marksMediumIn the circuit shown, both the enhancement mode NMOS transistors have the following characteristics: ; . Assume…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, both the enhancement mode NMOS transistors have the following characteristics: ; . Assume that the channel length modulation parameter is zero and body is shorted to source. The minimum supply voltage (in volts) needed to ensure that transistor operates in saturation mode of operation is ______.Correct answer
2.9 to 3.1
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For to be in saturation: .
Given and , we have .
The drain current of in saturation is:Since and are in series, .
Transistor is diode-connected (), so it is always in saturation if it is ON.From the circuit, .For to be in saturation, .
Therefore, the minimum .51
Q51NAT2 marksMediumIn the circuit shown, assume that the diodes and are ideal. The average value of voltage (in Volts), across terminals 'a' and 'b' is ______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
In the circuit shown, assume that the diodes and are ideal. The average value of voltage (in Volts), across terminals 'a' and 'b' is ______.Correct answer
4.85 to 5.15
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The input voltage is .
Case 1: Positive half cycle ():
is forward biased (ON) and is reverse biased (OFF).
Node 'a' is connected to , so .
Node 'b' is connected to ground through and to node 'a' through .Case 2: Negative half cycle ():
is reverse biased (OFF) and is forward biased (ON).
Node 'b' is connected to , so .
Node 'a' is connected to ground through and to node 'b' through .Average Value:52
Q52MCQ2 marksMediumSuppose is an absolutely summable discrete-time signal. Its z-transform is a rational function with two poles and two zeroes. The poles are at . Which one of…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Suppose is an absolutely summable discrete-time signal. Its z-transform is a rational function with two poles and two zeroes. The poles are at . Which one of the following statements is TRUE for the signal ?Correct answer
(C) It is a non-causal signal.
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For a signal to be absolutely summable, the Region of Convergence (ROC) of its z-transform must include the unit circle (). The given poles are at , which have a magnitude of .1.If the signal were causal, the ROC would be , which does not include the unit circle.2.If the signal were anti-causal, the ROC would be , which includes the unit circle.3.If the signal were two-sided (non-causal), the ROC would be a ring between poles, but since there are only poles at , the ROC must be to include the unit circle.In either the anti-causal or two-sided case, the signal is non-causal. A finite duration signal cannot have poles at (except at or ). A periodic signal is not absolutely summable. Thus, the signal must be non-causal.53
Q53MCQ2 marksMediumA realization of a stable discrete time system is shown in the figure. If the system is excited by a unit step sequence input , the response is [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A realization of a stable discrete time system is shown in the figure. If the system is excited by a unit step sequence input , the response is
Correct answer
(C) 5 ((1)/(3))ⁿ u[n] - 5 ((2)/(3))ⁿ u[n]
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1.From the block diagram, let be the output of the first summer. The feedback paths give:2.The output is the sum of the feedforward paths from the delay elements:3.For a unit step input , . The response is:4.Performing partial fraction expansion:5.Taking the inverse z-transform:, which matches option (C).54
Q54NAT2 marksMediumLet be a periodic signal with period 16. Its DFS coefficients are defined by…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Let be a periodic signal with period 16. Its DFS coefficients are defined by for all . The value of the coefficient is ______.Correct answer
0.48 to 0.52
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The signal is . Using Euler's identity:
The DFS coefficients for a period represent the signal as .
Comparing the terms:
.
Since , we have .55
Q55NAT2 marksMediumAn npn BJT having reverse saturation current A is biased in the forward active region with mV. The thermal voltage () is 25 mV and the current…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
An npn BJT having reverse saturation current A is biased in the forward active region with mV. The thermal voltage () is 25 mV and the current gain () may vary from 50 to 150 due to manufacturing variations. The maximum emitter current (in A) is _______.Correct answer
1465 to 1485
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The collector current is given by A = 1446.257 A.
The emitter current is .
To maximize , we need to minimize . The minimum value of is 50.
A.
The range provided is 1465 to 1485.56
Q56MCQ2 marksMediumA three bit pseudo random number generator is shown. Initially the value of output is set to 111. The value of output after three clock cycles is [figure]Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A three bit pseudo random number generator is shown. Initially the value of output is set to 111. The value of output after three clock cycles is
Correct answer
(D) 100
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From the circuit diagram, the input equations for the flip-flops are:
Initial state (): 111After 1st clock cycle:
State: 011After 2nd clock cycle:
State: 001After 3rd clock cycle:
State: 100Thus, the output after three clock cycles is 100.57
Q57MCQ2 marksMediumA universal logic gate can implement any Boolean function by connecting sufficient number of them appropriately. Three gates are shown. [figure] Which one of the following…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A universal logic gate can implement any Boolean function by connecting sufficient number of them appropriately. Three gates are shown.Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Correct answer
(C) Gate 3 is a universal gate.
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Gate 1 implements (OR gate), which is not universal.
Gate 2 implements (AND gate), which is not universal.
Gate 3 implements (Implication).
To check for universality, we see if we can implement NOT and OR/AND.1.NOT: If we set , . So, NOT is possible.2.OR: . Since we have NOT, we can implement and then use it as an input to get OR.Since NOT and OR can be implemented, Gate 3 is a universal gate.58
Q58NAT2 marksMediumThe characteristic equation of an LTI system is given by . The number of roots that lie strictly in the left half -plane is ______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The characteristic equation of an LTI system is given by . The number of roots that lie strictly in the left half -plane is ______.Correct answer
2 to 2
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The characteristic equation is .
Factoring the equation:
The roots are .- Roots strictly in the left half -plane (LHP): (Total 2)
- Roots strictly in the right half -plane (RHP): (Total 1)
- Roots on the axis: (Total 2)
59
Q59NAT2 marksMediumTwo sequences and have the same energy. Suppose , where is a positive real number and is the unit step sequence.…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Two sequences and have the same energy. Suppose , where is a positive real number and is the unit step sequence. AssumeThen the value of is ______.Correct answer
1.49 to 1.51
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The energy of a sequence is given by .
For :
.
For :
.
Given :
(since ).60
Q60NAT2 marksMediumThe variance of the random variable with probability density function is ______.Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
The variance of the random variable with probability density function is ______.Correct answer
6 to 6
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The variance is defined as .
The PDF is an even function, so the mean .
.
Using the Gamma function property :
.
Therefore, .61
Q61MCQ2 marksMediumThe complex envelope of the bandpass signal , centered about Hz, isThink it through. Then check your answer.Question
The complex envelope of the bandpass signal , centered about Hz, isCorrect answer
(C) √(2) ((sin(π t / 5))/(π t / 5)) e^(j (π)/(4))
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A bandpass signal can be represented as , where is the complex envelope and is the carrier frequency.
Given and Hz.
Using the identity :
Since , .
Thus, the complex envelope .62
Q62NAT2 marksHardA random binary wave is given by where , is the unit step function and is an…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A random binary wave is given bywhere , is the unit step function and is an independent random variable with uniform distribution in . The sequence consists of independent and identically distributed binary valued random variables with for each . The value of the autocorrelation equals ________.Correct answer
0.24 to 0.26
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For a random binary wave with pulse and independent bits , the autocorrelation function is given by:
Since are i.i.d. with mean 0 and variance 1 (, ), if and otherwise.
The pulse is for and otherwise.
for .
This results in a triangular function: for .
We need to find :
.63
Q63MCQ2 marksMediumConsider the 3 m long lossless air-filled transmission line shown in the figure. It has a characteristic impedance of , is terminated by a short circuit, and is…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
Consider the 3 m long lossless air-filled transmission line shown in the figure. It has a characteristic impedance of , is terminated by a short circuit, and is excited with a frequency of 37.5 MHz. What is the nature of the input impedance ()?
Correct answer
(D) Capacitive
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Given:
Length m
Frequency MHz
Velocity in air-filled line m/s
Wavelength m
Electrical length in terms of wavelength: m
For a short-circuited lossless line, the input impedance is .
Since the reactance is negative, the input impedance is capacitive.64
Q64NAT2 marksHardA long transmission line having parameters shown in the figure is terminated into a load . The line is connected to a source having source…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A long transmission line having parameters shown in the figure is terminated into a load . The line is connected to a source having source resistance through a switch, which is closed at . The transient response of the circuit at the input of the line () is also drawn in the figure. The value of (in ) is ______.
Correct answer
29 to 31
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Given:
, , , , .1.Initial voltage at ():.
This matches the initial step in the graph.2.Propagation delay ():.
.3.Voltage at after reflection from load reaches input ():At , the reflected wave from the load reaches the input and is reflected back as .
The total voltage at for is:
.
Where .
From the graph, .
.
.4.Calculate :.
.
.65
Q65NAT2 marksMediumA coaxial capacitor of inner radius and outer radius has a capacitance per unit length of . If the ratio of outer radius to inner…Think it through. Then check your answer.Question
A coaxial capacitor of inner radius and outer radius has a capacitance per unit length of . If the ratio of outer radius to inner radius is doubled, the capacitance per unit length (in ) is ______.Correct answer
120 to 120.4
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The capacitance per unit length of a coaxial capacitor is given by the formula:
where is the outer radius and is the inner radius.Step 1: Use initial conditions to find the constant factor.
Given when the ratio .
Step 2: Calculate the new capacitance.
The ratio of outer radius to inner radius is doubled, so the new ratio .
The new capacitance is:
Step 3: Relate to .
.